The Actual Cause Of The Hundred Years War

The Actual Cause Of The Hundred Years War The actual cause of the war was between France and England over who was the heir to the throne. (Which Throne?) After the death of Frances Charles lV, both France and England claimed the crown because Charles had left no direct successor. Edward lll, King of England, asserted that he in fact had a superior claim to the throne because his mother was Philip the Fairs daughter. This then, was one of the primary causes of the Hundred Years War. The economic conflict was clearly another cause of this great war. England had major financial interest in the wool industry in Flanders and France supported the Scots in their wars against England. England had much better troops, a more efficient government and thousands of English soldiers were more than willing to campaign in France, and get rich in the process. The Hundred Years War is broken up into three stages or phases. The first lasted until the signature of the Treaty of Bretigny in 1360(1337-1360). The second phase lasted from 1360-1413 when Henry V became king, and the third phase lasted from 1413-1453. The first phase was marked by English victories in France and alliances with French feudal lords. The second phase was marked by English inactivity and French raids keeping The English on the defensive. The third phase began with major and dramatic English victories but ended in defeat and Englands nearly complete withdrawal from France. The entire war is just a series of on and off warfare against France and England, from(1337-1453). The war was nothing more than sieges, raids, sea and land battles, and long periods truce. The counts of Flanders were vassals to the king of France, but the English saw Flanders as their major center for their foreign trade due to its cloth manufacture. The English also controlled southern France after Eleanor of Aquitaine married King Henry ll in the mid 12th century. Therefore the French were allies with the Scots to control a northern stronghold, called the Auld Alliance. The two countries also fought over the English channel and the north sea. In 1337, King Phillip Vl of France moved his troops to the English control of Aquitaine. In 1340, the English won a major naval victory at Sluys. King Edward lll then declared himself King of France. In 1346, the English forces defeated the French at Crecy, and then in 1347, the English captured Calais. In 1350, John ll became King of France after Philip Vl died. In 1356 when the English defeated the French at Poitiers King John ll was captured. He died in 1346. IN 1360, the Treaty of Bretigny was signed, giving the English complete control of Aquitaine and ending the first phase of the long war. As the war dragged on the English lost land and money causing the English peasants to revolt in 1381. After the Treaty of Troyes in 1420, King Henry V was recognized as heir to the French throne. Then in 1427 after both Henry V and Charles V died Henry Vl was heir to the throne despite being an infant. After the war, the English lost focus on controlling continental territory and began to strengthen its maritime supremacy. The most significant result was that the nobility and secular leaders were busy fighting each other at a time when western Europe desperately needed leadership. Each side had their advantages. Henry V was a master of siege warfare, allowing for major English victories. Towns ere encircled by protective forts. Attack methods included blockades, digging tunnels, and catapults used to hurl rocks, flaming arrows, and filth into the air. The siege cannon, used after 1400, led to the end of the castle and fort. Sea battles involved 20-50 castle like ships. Generally, the English won on the sea. French had a population around 16,000,000 far richer and populous than England. At one point, the French fielded an army of over 50,000 compared to the Britains who maybe mustered up 32,000. In almost every engagement the English were outnumbered. Britains most successful strategies were avoiding pitched battles, engaging in quick, profitable raids, steal what you can and destroy everything else. The use of the English defensive positions was the use of the longbow. The arrows could penetrate an inch of wood or the armor of a Knight at 200 yards. A longbow could also be fired more rapidly, and was affective than a crossbow. Henry landed in Normandy intending on taking Calais, having 2,000 infantry and 6,000 archers and some primitive cannon. His drive was blocked by many heavily armored French knight who obviously forgot the lessons of Crecy and Poitiers. The war brought about dissimilar results for the French and the English. Both countries saw an increase in their monarchial rule, it was due to different reasons. England couldnt hold on in France and effectively rule the burden was too great. U nlike France, over the course of the war England also experienced a strengthening of the parliament. The French on the other hand experienced a increase in monarchial authority due to the peoples recognition and complaints with the feudal systems shortcomings, including its limitations in fighting and protection of the serfs. The eventual expulsion of the English and the consolidation of the kingdom made France one of the greatest counties during this time period.

Heart Transplant Essay

In this paper about heart transplants I will be talking about the operation, and what needs to happen before surgery. Then I will be telling you about the beginning of all transplants and who accomplished it. Then I will talk about what a heart transplant actually is. After that I will tell you what the purpose of a heart transplant is and why we use this procedure. I will talk about the safety precautions and a lot of other dangers, or things that can go wrong in or after heart surgery. Then I will tell you the problems with getting a heart transplant. After this I will describe what transplant rejection is and why it is so dangerous. The next thing I will be talking about is what medications you can take to help transplant with lower possibility of rejection. The last thing I will inform you on is who needs a transplant and why people would need to have a heart transplant. The operation The first part begins with finding a donor who is willing to give their heart for someone in need. The donors are usually involved in a horrible accident where they have become permanently brain dead or paralyzed. This is usually a result from a severe head or neck trauma. After the donor is brought in to the hospital the nurses go to work by trying to keep all of the organs functioning properly with medications and a respirator. One of the hardest parts involved with the procedure is keeping the organs alive after they are removed from the person’s body. Once this happens the surgeons and doctors go to work on keeping the organs alive until they reach the receiver by putting the heart on ice it should last six hours so they are typically flown by air plane or helicopter to get there before the organs die. Step number two This starts with removing the recipient’s damaged or diseased heart. Removing the damaged heart may be very easy or very difficult. This depends on whether the recipient has had previous heart surgery this is very common. If there has been previous surgery, cutting through the scar tissue may cause trouble and take longer for the removal of the heart to take place. Step number three This is the easiest step of the operations is the implanting of the heart to the recipitants body. This consists of five rows of stitches there job is wrong to connect the large blood vessels entering and or leaving the heart. If nothing goes wrong in, or after the surgery the patients are allowed to return in around one week. The Beginning of Heart Transplants The idea of transplanting an organ was first introduced in mythological tales in ancient times. It evolved into more than tales after they started testing transplants in animals. The first successful transplant in animals was undocumented but scientists believe it dates from the B. C era. Who was the first to complete this procedure successfully? In 1967, a human heart from one person was transplanted into the body of another by a South African surgeon named Dr. Christian Barnard in Cape Town. In early December, Dr. Barnard’s surgical team removed the heart of a 25-year-old woman who had died following an auto accident and placed it in the chest of Louis Washkansky, a 55-year-old man dying of heart damage. The patient survived for 18 days. Dr. Barnard had learned much of his technique from studying with the Stanford group. This first clinical heart transplantation experience stimulated world-wide notoriety, and many surgeons quickly co-opted the procedure. However, because many patients were dying soon after, the number of heart transplants dropped from 100 in 1968, to just 18 in 1970. It was recognized that the major problem was the body’s natural tendency to reject the new tissues. Over the next 20 years, important advances in discovering different types of tissues t and drugs to help accept the transplants allowed more transplant operations to take place and increased patients’ survival rates. The most notable development in this area was Jean Borel’s discovery in the mid-1970s of cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant drug derived from soil fungus. On 6 Jan 1968, the first heart transplant in the U. S. was performed on Mike  Kaspersky who was 54. He only survived for 15 days afterwards, But this was the start of heart transplantations for Americans. Definition Heart transplantation, also called cardiac transplantation, is the replacement of a patient’s diseased or injured heart with a healthy donor heart. Purpose Heart transplantation is performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or some other life-threatening heart disease. Before a doctor recommends heart transplantation for a patient, all other possible treatments for his or her disease must have been tried. The purpose of heart transplantation is to extend and improve the life of a person who would otherwise die from heart failure. Most patients who receive a new heart were so sick before transplantation that they could not live a normal life. Replacing a patient’s diseased heart with a healthy, functioning donor heart often allows the recipient to return to normal daily activities. Precautions Because healthy donor hearts are in short supply, strict rules dictate who should or should not get a heart transplant. Patients who have conditions that might cause the new heart to fail should not have a heart transplant. Similarly, patients who may be too sick to survive the surgery or the side effects of the drugs they must take to keep their new heart working would not be good transplant candidates. Patients who have any of the following conditions may not be eligible for heart transplantation: †¢ Chronic lung disease with loss of more than 40% of lung function. †¢Active infection. †¢Pulmonary hypertension. †¢Chronic lung disease with loss of more than 40% of lung function. Untreatable liver or kidney disease. †¢Diabetes that has caused serious damage to vital organs. †¢Disease of the blood vessels in the brain, such as a stroke. †¢Serious disease of the arteries. †¢Mental illness or any condition that would make a patient unable to take the necessary medicines on schedule. †¢Continuing alcohol or drug abuse. Problems with getting a heart transplant Pa tients with end-stage heart disease that threatens their life even after medical treatment may be considered to receive a heart transplant. Potential candidates must have a complete medical examination before they can be put on the transplant waiting list. Many types of tests are done, including blood tests, x rays, and tests of heart, lung, and other organ function. The results of these tests tell the doctors how serious the heart disease is and whether or not a patient is healthy enough to survive the transplant surgery. The most common and dangerous complications of heart transplant surgery are organ rejection and infection. Immunosuppressive drugs are given to prevent rejection of the heart. Most heart transplant patients have a rejection episode soon after transplantation, but doctors usually diagnose it immediately when it will respond readily to treatment. Rejection is treated with combinations of immunosuppressive drugs given in higher doses than maintenance immunosuppression. Most of these rejection situations are successfully treated. Infection can result from the surgery, but most infections are a side effect of the immunosuppressive drugs. Immunosuppressive drugs keep the immune system from attacking the foreign cells of the donor heart. However, the suppressed immune cells are also unable to adequately fight bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. Microorganisms that normally do not affect persons with healthy immune systems can cause dangerous infections in transplant patients taking immunosuppressive drugs. Patients are given antibiotics during surgery to prevent specific bacterial infection. Patients may also be given an antiviral drug to prevent virus infections. Patients who develop infections may need to have their immunosuppressive drugs changed or the dose adjusted.

Importance of Money in Sports

Man is constantly in search of new knowledge and discoveries, thus science is constantly being studied and updated with every new discoveries. The study of science has make a huge impact in our lives by helping to improve our quality of life and enabling us to make use of the knowledge of our surrounding to come up with inventions that are extremely useful in our daily lives. Despite the huge advantage of science which made lives easier for us, there are also negative repercussions which can arise out of science. Hence if there's no regulation in place, a world dominated by science may turn from a dream a nightmare for future generation. A world dominated by science may have dire consequences as that would mean that man would be able to manipulate Science according to how they want it to be. Currently, with experiments on stem cell research, cloning and all the bio-medical discoveries, it would not be long before man starts cloning humans in the near future. Therefore the future generations may have to live in a world where most of the things are unnatural and created by man. The situation may also end up just like the society that was being described in the novel † Braw New World†, whereby humans are dehumanized and created in the labs instead of being born by their mother naturally,. This will be a nightmare for the future generation since the idea of â€Å"family love†, which is present in today's society will be eroded due to the fact that the parents will no longer take care of their children since young and the meaning of being a parent may no longer be the same again. Hence, a world dominated by Science may become a nightmare for future generation with the eradication of natural emotions and relationships. The moral values that people believe in currently will be degraded gradually if we allow science to dominate the world. With the discovery of Science and the use of technology being part and parcel of our lives, people will no longer be unfamiliar with all the scientific discoveries and the benefits derived from them. Therefore even though some practices such as the cloning of human is still forbidden and considered illegal now, these rules may change over time as people may start to accept these ideas due to the change in lifestyles or surroundings, Therefore a world which is dominate by science may become a nightmare to the people as the moral and ethical values which people believe in currently may be completely diminished in future. Without such values, there would be chaos on earth since people may be free to do as they wish and there are no fixed set of guidelines for them to follow. On the other hand, science may be a dream for future generations since science will help human improve their standard of living and it will be a stepping stone for human to create a utopian world. Man has been doing a lot of things just for the sake of making the world a better place for people to live in. All the research, studies and explorations done by man have the purpose of letting us have a greater understanding of the world which we live in. By making use of all these knowledge, we would then be able to manipulate them so that we would have greater control of the world to make the world in which we live in a more comfortable place. Therefore the world will be considered a dream for the future generations. However, man will never ever be satisfied with his own lives. As the quality of living may improve gradually over time with the help of science and technology, people will keep yearning for a better life since man is greedy in nature and is never satisfied. This will become a never-ending cycle whereby people will keep asking for more, thus the future generation may not think that the world in which they would be living in is their ideal world. Hence in the point of view of the future generation, the world in which they would be living in may not be considered to be a dream to them. Therefore even though science may make our world a more idealistic place to live in, there has to be a limitation to the use of Science as an unregulated world will result in a society which may be too inhumane and where people may be dehumanized.

Organic vs. Inorganic Material Essay - 1020 Words

The following information will focus on the two substances forensic scientist use to identify and compare matter, whether a material is organic or inorganic. Evidence that will be used in a court trial will depend on the examination that forensic scientist processed in the laboratory. The importance of distinguishing between organic and inorganic material is a necessary step in the criminal justice process. The differences between organic and inorganic will be explained first, next will be to explain the strengths and weaknesses of each, and finally the significance of both as it relates to the justice system. Also, we will focus on soil as it relates to how specific evidence is used in each instance. Now let’s begin by listing the†¦show more content†¦Organic compounds are not able to form salt but inorganic compounds can. Very importantly organic compounds can be produced by living things. Inorganic compounds can be produced by non-living natural processes and by hu man intervention in the lab. Examples of organic evidence include most drugs and toxic agents, ignitable liquid residues, biological fluids and stains. Examples of inorganic evidence include glass, metals as bullets, primer residues, metallic poisons which can be arsenic and thallium. In order to consider the strengths and weaknesses of organic and inorganic matter, the analytical technique for either a qualitative or a quantitative determination must be applied. As stated by Sanferstein â€Å"the former relates just to the identity of the material, whereas the latter refers to the percentage combination of the components of a mixture† (2001, Pg 123). Organic evidence can help identify the components involved to make a certain mixture. For example the qualitative identification of a powder may reveal the presence of morphine and heroin, whereas a quantitative analysis may reveal the compound formula of 10 percent morphine and 90 percent heroin. For example organic analysis can help pin point what the exact substance was used in the poisoning of a victim. Inorganic evidence can help determine the physical evidenceShow MoreRelatedThe Davis Service Group And Its Takeover Of Berendsen Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pageswhich aspects of the European Union encourage d the horizontal growth of the business as well as the differences between Organic and Inorganic growth. Lastly we will theorize why the acquisition of Berendsen was a good opportunity for the Davis Service Group. Describe two major ways in which a company can grow and include 2 examples. According to this week’s case study material a company can grow in the following ways. A merger or a Takeover. 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